Exactly which words are affected by this differs from dialect to dialect and occasionally from speaker to speaker, an example of sound change by lexical diffusion.
2.
The theory of lexical diffusion stands in contrast to the Neogrammarian hypothesis that a given sound change applies simultaneously to all words in which its context is found.
3.
Through lexical diffusion, < * e is to be observed in some words such as < * ene this, rather than in kite ( bird ) .
4.
:Given that th-fronting is a relatively recent innovation in Glasgow, it was expected that linguists might find evidence for lexical diffusion for and the results found from Glasgow speakers confirm this.
5.
William Labov, in " Principles of Linguistic Change ", takes the position that there are two types of sound changes : regular sound change ( respecting the Neogrammarian hypothesis ) and lexical diffusion.
6.
Labov lists a typology, according to which certain phenomena are typically or exclusively regular ( example, vowel quality changes ), while others ( example, metathesis, or vowel shortening ) tend to follow a lexical diffusion pattern.
7.
For example, Pulleyblank regards the theoretical formulation of lexical diffusion as presented by Hsieh in Wang 1977 as so manifestly at odds with any realistic picture of how dialects are inter-related and how innovations spread spatially through a language as to make them totally untenable ( 1982 : 408 ).
8.
Precise dating would in any case be difficult, since each shift may have begun with one word or a group of words in the speech of one locality, and gradually extended by lexical diffusion to all words with the same phonological pattern, and then over a longer period of time spread to wider geographical areas.
9.
Mazaudon & Lowe conclude a robust critique of lexical diffusion in a similar vein, remarking that a detailed study of the history of the language can disentangle the reflexes from different sources, and it is not necessary to renounce the principle of regular change for the sake of such cases ( 1994 : 11 ).
10.
Trudgill describes the disappearance of this distinction in Norfolk, saying that " This disappearance was being effected by the gradual and variable transfer of lexical items from the set of to the set of as part of dedialectalisation process, the end-point of which will soon be ( a few speakers even today maintain a vestigial and variable distinction ) the complete merger of the two lexical sets under the completion of a slow process of lexical diffusion ."
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